MCP Server OAuth Implementation - DeployStack - Enterprise Control Plane for MCP

OAuth System Clarification: DeployStack implements three distinct OAuth systems:

User → DeployStack OAuth (Social Login) - See OAuth Providers
MCP Client → DeployStack OAuth (API Access) - See OAuth2 Server - How VS Code, Cursor, Claude.ai authenticate to satellite APIs
User → MCP Server OAuth (External Service Access) - This document - How users authorize external services like Notion, Box, Linear

This document covers system #3 - OAuth authentication with external MCP servers.

Overview

This document covers the backend implementation for OAuth 2.1 authentication with external MCP servers that require user authorization, such as Notion, Box, Linear, and GitHub Copilot.

When MCP Servers Require OAuth

MCP servers that access user-specific resources (files, issues, repositories) require OAuth authorization. Examples:

Notion MCP Server (https://mcp.notion.com/) - Access user’s Notion pages
Box MCP Server (https://mcp.box.com/) - Access user’s Box files
Linear MCP Server (https://mcp.linear.app/sse) - Access user’s Linear issues
GitHub Copilot MCP - Access GitHub repositories

User Flow

Install - User initiates MCP server installation in frontend
Authorize - Backend redirects to OAuth provider’s authorization page
Callback - OAuth provider redirects back with authorization code
Token Storage - Backend exchanges code for tokens, encrypts and stores them
Use - Satellite injects tokens when connecting to MCP server

Architecture Overview

The OAuth implementation includes:

OAuth Discovery Service - Detects OAuth requirement and discovers endpoints using RFC 8414/9728
Authorization Endpoint - Initiates OAuth flow with PKCE, state parameter, and resource parameter
Callback Endpoint - Exchanges authorization code for tokens
Re-Authentication Endpoint - User-initiated token refresh when automatic refresh fails
Token Service - Handles token exchange and refresh operations
Client Registration Service - Implements RFC 7591 Dynamic Client Registration (DCR)
Encryption Service - AES-256-GCM encryption for tokens at rest
Token Refresh Job - Background cron job refreshing expiring tokens

Database Tables

mcpOauthProviders - Pre-registered OAuth providers (for non-DCR auth servers)
oauthPendingFlows - Temporary storage during OAuth flow (10-minute expiry)
mcpServerInstallations - MCP server installations
mcpOauthTokens - Encrypted access and refresh tokens

Implementation Components

OAuthDiscoveryService

File: services/backend/src/services/OAuthDiscoveryService.ts Purpose: Detects if an MCP server requires OAuth and discovers OAuth endpoints using RFC 8414 and RFC 9728.

When OAuth Detection Runs

OAuth detection occurs automatically in two scenarios:

Server Creation (POST /mcp/servers/global) - When global admin creates new MCP server
Server Updates (PUT /mcp/servers/global/:id) - When global admin updates existing MCP server

Why re-check on updates?

Server’s OAuth configuration might have changed
URL might be updated to a different endpoint
Transport type might change from stdio → http/sse or vice versa
Security verification ensures requires_oauth flag stays accurate

OAuth Detection

The service uses a hybrid detection approach to handle different server configurations: Detection Strategy:

Try GET first (fast path for most servers like Notion, Box, Linear)
Try POST with MCP protocol request if GET returns non-401 (handles servers like Harmonic AI that only protect POST endpoints)

// Try GET first (most common case)
const getResponse = await fetch(mcpServerUrl, { method: 'GET' });

if (getResponse.status === 401 && getResponse.headers.get('www-authenticate')?.includes('Bearer')) {
  // OAuth detected via GET
  requiresOauth = true;
} else {
  // Try POST with MCP protocol request (handles Harmonic-style servers)
  const postResponse = await fetch(mcpServerUrl, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      jsonrpc: '2.0',
      method: 'tools/list',
      id: 1
    })
  });

  if (postResponse.status === 401 && postResponse.headers.get('www-authenticate')?.includes('Bearer')) {
    // OAuth detected via POST
    requiresOauth = true;
  }
}

Detection criteria:

HTTP 401 Unauthorized response (on GET or POST)
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer header present

Why two methods?

Standard servers (Notion, Box, Linear): Return 401 on GET for public health check endpoints
Harmonic-style servers: Return 200 on GET (public endpoint), but 401 on POST (protected MCP protocol endpoint)

OAuth Metadata Discovery

Once OAuth is detected, the service discovers endpoints using multiple methods with priority order: Priority 1: WWW-Authenticate Header Discovery URL Some servers provide a direct discovery URL in the WWW-Authenticate header:

// Extract discovery URL from WWW-Authenticate header
// Format: WWW-Authenticate: Bearer oauth_authorization_server="https://example.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server"
const wwwAuthenticate = response.headers.get('www-authenticate');
const match = wwwAuthenticate.match(/oauth_authorization_server="([^"]+)"/);
const discoveryUrl = match ? match[1] : undefined;

if (discoveryUrl) {
  // Try discovery URL from header first
  const metadata = await fetch(discoveryUrl).then(r => r.json());
  // Contains: authorization_endpoint, token_endpoint, registration_endpoint, etc.
}

Priority 2: RFC 8414 - Authorization Server Metadata

const metadataUrl = `${authServerUrl}/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server`;
const response = await fetch(metadataUrl);
const metadata = await response.json();

// Contains: authorization_endpoint, token_endpoint, registration_endpoint, etc.

Priority 3: OpenID Connect Discovery (Final fallback):

const metadataUrl = `${authServerUrl}/.well-known/openid-configuration`;
const response = await fetch(metadataUrl);
const metadata = await response.json();

Discovery Priority Chain:

Discovery URL from WWW-Authenticate header (if provided)
RFC 8414 Authorization Server Metadata
OpenID Connect Discovery
Give up - OAuth configuration cannot be determined

Metadata Structure

interface OAuthServerMetadata {
  issuer: string;
  authorization_endpoint: string;
  token_endpoint: string;
  registration_endpoint?: string; // RFC 7591 Dynamic Client Registration
  revocation_endpoint?: string;
  scopes_supported?: string[];
  response_types_supported?: string[];
  grant_types_supported?: string[];
  code_challenge_methods_supported?: string[]; // PKCE support
  token_endpoint_auth_methods_supported?: string[];
}

Pre-registered Provider Matching

If the discovered authorization server matches a pre-registered provider pattern, the service returns the provider configuration:

// Check if auth server matches any registered provider
const provider = await this.matchOAuthProvider(metadata.issuer);

if (provider) {
  return {
    requiresOauth: true,
    metadata,
    provider: {
      id: provider.id,
      name: provider.name,
      clientId: provider.client_id,
      clientSecret: provider.client_secret, // Encrypted
      authorizationEndpoint: provider.authorization_endpoint,
      tokenEndpoint: provider.token_endpoint,
      tokenEndpointAuthMethod: provider.token_endpoint_auth_method,
      defaultScopes: JSON.parse(provider.default_scopes || '[]')
    }
  };
}

OAuth Detection on Server Updates

File: services/backend/src/routes/mcp/servers/update-global.ts Endpoint: PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/:id Purpose: Re-checks OAuth requirements whenever a global admin updates an MCP server configuration.

Update Detection Logic

When updating a global MCP server, the backend determines “effective values” for OAuth detection:

// Determine effective transport type and remotes
const effectiveTransportType = updateData.transport_type || existingServer.transport_type;
const effectiveRemotes = updateData.remotes || existingServer.remotes;

// Run OAuth detection if server is HTTP/SSE
if (effectiveTransportType === 'http' || effectiveTransportType === 'sse') {
  const oauthService = new OAuthDiscoveryService(request.log);
  const oauthResult = await oauthService.detectAndDiscoverOAuth(effectiveRemotes[0].url);
  updateData.requires_oauth = oauthResult.requiresOauth;
}

Effective Values Logic:

If update includes new transport_type → Use new value
If update doesn’t include transport_type → Use existing server’s value
Same logic applies to remotes field

Why effective values? Allows partial updates while still running OAuth detection correctly.

Update Scenarios

Scenario 1: URL Change

PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "remotes": [{ "url": "https://new-url.example.com" }]
}

OAuth detection runs with new URL
requires_oauth updated based on new server’s response

Scenario 2: Transport Type Change (stdio → http)

PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "transport_type": "http",
  "remotes": [{ "url": "https://mcp.example.com" }]
}

OAuth detection runs (now HTTP transport)
requires_oauth set based on detection result

Scenario 3: Transport Type Change (http → stdio)

PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "transport_type": "stdio",
  "packages": [{"npm": "@example/mcp-server"}]
}

OAuth detection skipped (stdio doesn’t use OAuth)
requires_oauth explicitly set to false

Scenario 4: No Transport/URL Change

PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "description": "Updated description"
}

OAuth detection still runs with existing URL (security re-check)
Ensures requires_oauth reflects current server state

Error Handling

OAuth detection failures during updates are non-blocking:

try {
  const oauthResult = await oauthService.detectAndDiscoverOAuth(url);
  updateData.requires_oauth = oauthResult.requiresOauth;
} catch (error) {
  logger.warn('OAuth detection failed, defaulting to requires_oauth=false');
  updateData.requires_oauth = false;
}

Why non-blocking? Server updates should not fail due to temporary OAuth discovery issues. The update succeeds with requires_oauth=false as safe default.

Authorization Endpoint

File: services/backend/src/routes/mcp/installations/authorize.ts Endpoint: POST /api/teams/:teamId/mcp/installations/authorize Purpose: Initiates the OAuth 2.1 authorization flow with PKCE for MCP server installation.

Request Body

{
  "server_id": "notion_mcp_server_id",
  "installation_name": "My Notion Workspace",
  "installation_type": "global", // or "team"
  "team_config": {
    "team_args": ["arg1", "arg2"],
    "team_env": {"API_KEY": "value"},
    "team_headers": {"X-Custom": "header"},
    "team_url_query_params": {"param": "value"}
  }
}

Authorization Flow Steps

Verify OAuth Requirement

Check that the MCP server has requires_oauth: true in the catalog.

Extract Server URL

Retrieve MCP server URL from remotes (HTTP/SSE) or packages (stdio) configuration.

Discover OAuth Endpoints

Call OAuthDiscoveryService.detectAndDiscoverOAuth() to get authorization endpoints.

Dynamic Client Registration or Provider Match

If registration_endpoint exists: Register new client via RFC 7591
Else if pre-registered provider matches: Use provider credentials
Else: Return error (cannot proceed)

Generate PKCE Pair

Create code verifier (128 random bytes) and code challenge (SHA256 hash).

const pkce = generatePKCEPair();
// {
//   code_verifier: "base64url-encoded-128-bytes",
//   code_challenge: "base64url-encoded-sha256-hash",
//   code_challenge_method: "S256"
// }

Generate State Parameter

Create cryptographically secure random state for CSRF protection.

const state = generateState(); // 32 random bytes, base64url-encoded

Generate Resource Parameter

Create resource parameter (RFC 8707) for token audience binding.

const resource = generateResourceParameter(serverId, teamId);
// "deploystack:mcp:{server_id}:{team_id}"

Create Pending Flow Record

Store temporary OAuth flow data in oauthPendingFlows table (expires in 10 minutes).

await db.insert(oauthPendingFlows).values({
  id: flowId,
  team_id: teamId,
  server_id: serverId,
  created_by: userId,
  oauth_state: state,
  oauth_code_verifier: pkce.code_verifier,
  oauth_client_id: clientId,
  oauth_client_secret: clientSecret ? encrypt(clientSecret) : null,
  oauth_provider_id: providerId,
  oauth_token_endpoint: tokenEndpoint,
  oauth_token_endpoint_auth_method: authMethod,
  installation_name: "My Notion Workspace",
  installation_type: "global",
  team_config: JSON.stringify(teamConfig),
  expires_at: new Date(Date.now() + 10 * 60 * 1000)
});

Build Authorization URL

Construct OAuth authorization URL with all parameters.

const authUrl = new URL(authorizationEndpoint);
authUrl.searchParams.set('response_type', 'code');
authUrl.searchParams.set('client_id', clientId);
authUrl.searchParams.set('redirect_uri', redirectUri);
authUrl.searchParams.set('state', state);
authUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge', pkce.code_challenge);
authUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge_method', 'S256');
authUrl.searchParams.set('resource', resource);
authUrl.searchParams.set('scope', scopes.join(' '));
authUrl.searchParams.set('prompt', 'consent');

Return Authorization URL

Frontend opens this URL in a popup window for user authorization.

{
  "flow_id": "abc123",
  "authorization_url": "https://notion.com/oauth/authorize?...",
  "requires_authorization": true,
  "expires_at": "2025-12-22T10:30:00Z"
}

Callback Endpoint

File: services/backend/src/routes/mcp/installations/callback.ts Endpoint: GET /api/teams/:teamId/mcp/oauth/callback/:flowId Purpose: Receives authorization code from OAuth provider, exchanges it for tokens, and completes installation.

Callback Flow Steps

Validate OAuth Callback

Check for errors and validate required parameters.

// Check for OAuth errors
if (query.error) {
  return reply.type('text/html').send(errorPage);
}

// Validate required parameters
if (!query.state || !query.code) {
  return reply.code(400).send({ error: 'Missing state or code' });
}

Find Pending Flow

Retrieve pending flow by flowId, teamId, and state parameter.

const [flow] = await db
  .select()
  .from(oauthPendingFlows)
  .where(
    and(
      eq(oauthPendingFlows.id, flowId),
      eq(oauthPendingFlows.team_id, teamId),
      eq(oauthPendingFlows.oauth_state, query.state)
    )
  )
  .limit(1);

if (!flow) {
  return reply.code(404).send({ error: 'Flow not found or state invalid' });
}

Check Flow Expiration

Ensure flow hasn’t expired (10-minute window).

if (flow.expires_at < new Date()) {
  await db.delete(oauthPendingFlows).where(eq(oauthPendingFlows.id, flow.id));
  return reply.code(400).send({ error: 'Flow expired. Please try again.' });
}

Exchange Code for Tokens

Use PKCE verifier to exchange authorization code for access/refresh tokens.

const tokenService = new OAuthTokenService(logger);
const tokenResponse = await tokenService.exchangeCodeForToken({
  code: query.code,
  codeVerifier: flow.oauth_code_verifier,
  clientId: flow.oauth_client_id,
  redirectUri,
  tokenEndpoint: flow.oauth_token_endpoint,
  clientSecret: flow.oauth_client_secret ? decrypt(flow.oauth_client_secret) : null,
  tokenEndpointAuthMethod: flow.oauth_token_endpoint_auth_method
});

Create Installation

Create the MCP server installation record (not pending anymore).

const installationId = nanoid();
await db.insert(mcpServerInstallations).values({
  id: installationId,
  team_id: flow.team_id,
  server_id: flow.server_id,
  created_by: flow.created_by,
  installation_name: flow.installation_name,
  installation_type: flow.installation_type,
  team_args: teamConfig.team_args ? JSON.stringify(teamConfig.team_args) : null,
  team_env: teamConfig.team_env ? JSON.stringify(teamConfig.team_env) : null,
  team_headers: teamConfig.team_headers ? JSON.stringify(teamConfig.team_headers) : null,
  team_url_query_params: teamConfig.team_url_query_params ? JSON.stringify(teamConfig.team_url_query_params) : null,
  oauth_pending: false, // Installation complete
  status: 'connecting',
  status_message: 'Authenticated successfully, waiting for satellite to connect'
});

Per-User Instance Creation: OAuth callback creates the user’s instance with status=‘connecting’. For multi-user teams:

Installing user’s instance created with their OAuth credentials
Other team members’ instances created with status=‘awaiting_user_config’ (they must authenticate separately)
Each user authenticates independently with their own OAuth account

For instance lifecycle details, see Instance Lifecycle.

Encrypt and Store Tokens

Encrypt access and refresh tokens using AES-256-GCM before storing.

const encryptedAccessToken = encrypt(tokenResponse.access_token, logger);
const encryptedRefreshToken = tokenResponse.refresh_token
  ? encrypt(tokenResponse.refresh_token, logger)
  : null;

await db.insert(mcpOauthTokens).values({
  id: nanoid(),
  installation_id: installationId,
  user_id: flow.created_by,
  team_id: flow.team_id,
  access_token: encryptedAccessToken,
  refresh_token: encryptedRefreshToken,
  token_type: tokenResponse.token_type || 'Bearer',
  expires_at: new Date(Date.now() + tokenResponse.expires_in * 1000),
  scope: tokenResponse.scope || null
});

Delete Pending Flow

Remove temporary flow record to prevent reuse.

await db.delete(oauthPendingFlows).where(eq(oauthPendingFlows.id, flow.id));

Notify Satellites

Create satellite commands for immediate configuration update.

const satelliteCommandService = new SatelliteCommandService(db, logger);
await satelliteCommandService.notifyMcpInstallation(
  installationId,
  flow.team_id,
  flow.created_by
);

Return Success Page

Render HTML page that posts message to opener window and closes popup.

<script>
  if (window.opener) {
    window.opener.postMessage({
      type: 'oauth_success',
      installation_id: 'abc123'
    }, 'https://cloud.deploystack.io');
  }
  setTimeout(() => window.close(), 500);
</script>

OAuthTokenService

File: services/backend/src/services/OAuthTokenService.ts Purpose: Handles token exchange and refresh operations with OAuth servers.

Token Exchange with PKCE

Exchanges authorization code for access/refresh tokens using PKCE verification:

async exchangeCodeForToken(params: TokenExchangeParams): Promise<TokenResponse> {
  const requestBody = new URLSearchParams({
    grant_type: 'authorization_code',
    code: params.code,
    redirect_uri: params.redirectUri,
    code_verifier: params.codeVerifier // PKCE verification
  });

  // Handle different authentication methods
  switch (params.tokenEndpointAuthMethod) {
    case 'client_secret_basic':
      // HTTP Basic Auth header
      const credentials = Buffer.from(`${params.clientId}:${params.clientSecret}`).toString('base64');
      headers['Authorization'] = `Basic ${credentials}`;
      break;

    case 'client_secret_post':
      // Client secret in body (GitHub, most providers)
      requestBody.set('client_id', params.clientId);
      requestBody.set('client_secret', params.clientSecret);
      break;

    case 'none':
    default:
      // Public client - PKCE only
      requestBody.set('client_id', params.clientId);
      break;
  }

  const response = await fetch(params.tokenEndpoint, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' },
    body: requestBody.toString()
  });

  return await response.json();
}

Token endpoint authentication methods:

none - Public client (PKCE only, no client secret)
client_secret_post - Client secret in request body (GitHub, most OAuth providers)
client_secret_basic - HTTP Basic Auth header (enterprise providers)

Token Refresh

Refreshes expired access tokens using refresh token:

async refreshToken(params: TokenRefreshParams): Promise<TokenResponse> {
  const requestBody = new URLSearchParams({
    grant_type: 'refresh_token',
    refresh_token: params.refreshToken
  });

  // Same authentication method handling as token exchange
  // ...

  const response = await fetch(params.tokenEndpoint, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' },
    body: requestBody.toString()
  });

  return await response.json();
}

Update Refreshed Tokens

Updates database with newly refreshed encrypted tokens:

async updateRefreshedTokens(tokenId: string, newTokens: TokenResponse, db: AnyDatabase) {
  const encryptedAccessToken = encrypt(newTokens.access_token, this.logger);
  const encryptedRefreshToken = newTokens.refresh_token
    ? encrypt(newTokens.refresh_token, this.logger)
    : undefined; // Keep existing if not rotated

  const expiresAt = newTokens.expires_in
    ? new Date(Date.now() + newTokens.expires_in * 1000)
    : null;

  await db
    .update(mcpOauthTokens)
    .set({
      access_token: encryptedAccessToken,
      ...(encryptedRefreshToken !== undefined && { refresh_token: encryptedRefreshToken }),
      expires_at: expiresAt,
      scope: newTokens.scope || undefined,
      updated_at: new Date()
    })
    .where(eq(mcpOauthTokens.id, tokenId));
}

Note: Some OAuth providers rotate refresh tokens (issue new refresh token with each refresh). The service handles this by conditionally updating the refresh token field.

OAuthClientRegistrationService

File: services/backend/src/services/OAuthClientRegistrationService.ts Purpose: Implements RFC 7591 (OAuth 2.0 Dynamic Client Registration Protocol).

Dynamic Client Registration

Registers a new OAuth client with MCP server’s registration endpoint:

async registerClient(
  registrationEndpoint: string,
  request: ClientRegistrationRequest
): Promise<ClientRegistrationResponse> {
  const registrationBody = {
    client_name: 'DeployStack',
    redirect_uris: [redirectUri],
    grant_types: ['authorization_code', 'refresh_token'],
    response_types: ['code'],
    token_endpoint_auth_method: 'none' // Public client (PKCE)
  };

  const response = await fetch(registrationEndpoint, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      'Accept': 'application/json'
    },
    body: JSON.stringify(registrationBody)
  });

  const registration = await response.json();
  // Returns: { client_id, client_secret?, redirect_uris, ... }

  return registration;
}

Registration response:

{
  client_id: "dynamically-generated-client-id",
  client_secret: "optional-client-secret", // Only for confidential clients
  redirect_uris: ["https://api.deploystack.io/oauth/callback"],
  grant_types: ["authorization_code", "refresh_token"],
  token_endpoint_auth_method: "none"
}

When DCR is used:

MCP server supports registration_endpoint in OAuth metadata
Client ID is generated dynamically per installation
No pre-registration required with OAuth provider

When Pre-registered Provider is used:

MCP server does NOT support registration_endpoint
Pre-registered provider configured in mcpOauthProviders table
Uses fixed client ID and client secret
Example: GitHub OAuth Apps for GitHub MCP server

Database Schema

mcpOauthProviders Table

Pre-registered OAuth providers for MCP servers that don’t support Dynamic Client Registration.

CREATE TABLE mcpOauthProviders (
  id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,

  -- Provider identity
  name TEXT NOT NULL, -- "GitHub", "Google"
  slug TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE, -- "github", "google"
  icon_url TEXT,

  -- Authorization server matching
  auth_server_patterns TEXT NOT NULL, -- JSON array of regex patterns

  -- OAuth credentials (pre-registered with provider)
  client_id TEXT NOT NULL,
  client_secret TEXT, -- Encrypted (NULL for public clients)

  -- OAuth endpoints
  authorization_endpoint TEXT NOT NULL,
  token_endpoint TEXT NOT NULL,

  -- OAuth configuration
  default_scopes TEXT, -- JSON array
  pkce_required BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT true,
  token_endpoint_auth_method TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'client_secret_post',

  -- Status
  enabled BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT true,

  -- Timestamps
  created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

Example provider record:

{
  "id": "github_oauth_provider",
  "name": "GitHub",
  "slug": "github",
  "auth_server_patterns": "[\"^https://github\\\\.com/login/oauth\"]",
  "client_id": "Ov23liABCDEF12345",
  "client_secret": "encrypted:abc123...", // Encrypted
  "authorization_endpoint": "https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize",
  "token_endpoint": "https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token",
  "default_scopes": "[\"repo\", \"read:user\"]",
  "pkce_required": true,
  "token_endpoint_auth_method": "client_secret_post",
  "enabled": true
}

oauthPendingFlows Table

Temporary storage for OAuth flows during authorization (expires in 10 minutes).

CREATE TABLE oauthPendingFlows (
  id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, -- flow_id (nanoid)

  -- Foreign Keys
  team_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES teams(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  server_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES mcpServers(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  created_by TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES authUser(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,

  -- OAuth Flow State
  oauth_state TEXT NOT NULL, -- CSRF protection
  oauth_code_verifier TEXT NOT NULL, -- PKCE verifier

  -- OAuth Client (Dynamic or Pre-registered)
  oauth_client_id TEXT NOT NULL,
  oauth_client_secret TEXT, -- Encrypted (if provided)
  oauth_provider_id TEXT REFERENCES mcpOauthProviders(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
  oauth_token_endpoint TEXT NOT NULL,
  oauth_token_endpoint_auth_method TEXT NOT NULL,

  -- Installation Data (stored temporarily)
  installation_name TEXT NOT NULL,
  installation_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'global',
  team_config TEXT, -- JSON: team_args, team_env, team_headers, etc.

  -- Expiration
  expires_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL, -- 10 minutes from creation

  -- Timestamps
  created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

Important: This table is cleaned up automatically after OAuth flow completes or expires. Records should never exist for more than 10 minutes.

mcpOauthTokens Table

Encrypted OAuth tokens for MCP server installations.

CREATE TABLE mcpOauthTokens (
  id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,

  -- Foreign Keys
  installation_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES mcpServerInstallations(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  user_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES authUser(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  team_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES teams(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,

  -- Token Data (AES-256-GCM encrypted)
  access_token TEXT NOT NULL,
  refresh_token TEXT,

  -- Token Metadata
  token_type TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Bearer',
  expires_at TIMESTAMP,
  scope TEXT,

  -- Timestamps
  created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

Encryption format: iv:authTag:encryptedData (all hex-encoded)

IV: 16 bytes (128 bits)
Auth Tag: 16 bytes (128 bits)
Encrypted Data: Variable length

Index: (installation_id, user_id, team_id) for fast token lookups by satellite.

Token Lifecycle

Token Issuance

User authorizes application at OAuth provider
OAuth provider redirects to callback with authorization code
Backend exchanges code for access/refresh tokens using PKCE
Tokens encrypted using AES-256-GCM
Encrypted tokens stored in mcpOauthTokens table
Installation status set to connecting

Automatic Token Refresh

File: services/backend/src/jobs/refresh-oauth-tokens.ts Cron Schedule: Every 5 minutes Refresh Criteria:

Token has refresh_token (NOT NULL)
Token has expires_at timestamp (NOT NULL)
Token expires within next 10 minutes
Token not already expired

Refresh Process:

Find Expiring Tokens

Query tokens expiring in the next 10 minutes.

SELECT t.*, i.*, s.*
FROM mcpOauthTokens t
INNER JOIN mcpServerInstallations i ON t.installation_id = i.id
INNER JOIN mcpServers s ON i.server_id = s.id
WHERE t.refresh_token IS NOT NULL
  AND t.expires_at IS NOT NULL
  AND t.expires_at < NOW() + INTERVAL '10 minutes'
  AND t.expires_at > NOW()

Discover OAuth Endpoints

Re-discover OAuth endpoints for each MCP server (ensures current endpoints).

Decrypt Refresh Token

Decrypt stored refresh token using AES-256-GCM.

Call Token Endpoint

Exchange refresh token for new access token.

const newTokens = await tokenService.refreshToken({
  refreshToken: decryptedRefreshToken,
  clientId: installation.oauth_client_id || 'deploystack',
  tokenEndpoint: discovery.metadata.token_endpoint,
  clientSecret: clientSecret, // If using pre-registered provider
  tokenEndpointAuthMethod: 'none' // Or from provider config
});

Encrypt and Update

Encrypt new tokens and update database.

await tokenService.updateRefreshedTokens(token.id, newTokens, db);

Handle Failures

If refresh fails, set installation status to requires_reauth.

await db
  .update(mcpServerInstallations)
  .set({
    status: 'requires_reauth',
    status_message: `OAuth token refresh failed: ${error.message}. Please re-authenticate.`,
    status_updated_at: new Date()
  })
  .where(eq(mcpServerInstallations.id, installation.id));

Per-User Instance Impact: Token refresh failures only affect the specific user’s instance. Other team members’ instances remain unaffected even if one user’s OAuth token expires.

Logging:

INFO: Found 3 tokens that need refreshing
INFO: Refreshing token (tokenId: abc123, serverId: notion_mcp)
INFO: Token refreshed successfully (tokenId: abc123, newExpiresIn: 3600)
INFO: OAuth token refresh job completed (totalTokens: 3, successCount: 3, failureCount: 0)

Token Expiration Handling

When automatic token refresh fails (server offline, invalid refresh token, token revoked), the installation enters requires_reauth status. Users can recover through self-service re-authentication. Automatic Refresh Failure:

Token refresh job attempts refresh
Refresh fails (network error, invalid_grant, server offline)
Installation status → requires_reauth
Status message explains why re-auth is needed

User-Initiated Re-Authentication: Users can re-authenticate existing installations without reinstalling: Endpoint: POST /api/teams/:teamId/mcp/installations/:installationId/reauth Permission: mcp.installations.view (both team_admin and team_user) Why Both Roles: OAuth tokens are per-user credentials, not team-level configuration. Each user authenticates with their own account. Flow:

Frontend detects requires_reauth status and shows “Re-authenticate” button
User clicks button → Backend starts OAuth flow (same as initial authorization)
OAuth provider redirects to authorization page
User authorizes → Callback exchanges code for new tokens
Backend updates existing token record (doesn’t create new installation)
Installation status → connecting → online
Satellite receives updated tokens via configuration sync

Key Difference from Initial Authorization:

Initial: Creates new installation + new token record
Re-auth: Updates existing installation + existing token record

Database Impact:

Pending flow created with installation_id reference (links to existing installation)
Callback detects installation_id and performs UPDATE instead of INSERT
Preserves team configuration (env vars, args, headers)

Security: Same PKCE flow, state validation, and token encryption as initial authorization

Token Revocation

When user deletes an MCP server installation:

Installation deleted from mcpServerInstallations (CASCADE)
Tokens automatically deleted from mcpOauthTokens (CASCADE foreign key)
Future enhancement: Call OAuth provider’s revocation endpoint
Satellite receives configuration update removing the installation

Security Implementation

PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange)

Required for all OAuth flows to prevent authorization code interception attacks. PKCE Generation:

function generatePKCEPair() {
  // 1. Generate code verifier (128 random bytes)
  const codeVerifier = crypto.randomBytes(128).toString('base64url');

  // 2. Generate code challenge (SHA256 hash)
  const codeChallenge = crypto
    .createHash('sha256')
    .update(codeVerifier)
    .digest('base64url');

  return {
    code_verifier: codeVerifier,
    code_challenge: codeChallenge,
    code_challenge_method: 'S256'
  };
}

Authorization request:

GET /oauth/authorize?
  response_type=code
  &client_id=abc123
  &redirect_uri=https://api.deploystack.io/oauth/callback
  &code_challenge=ABCD1234...
  &code_challenge_method=S256
  &state=xyz789

Token exchange:

POST /oauth/token
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=authorization_code
&code=authorization_code_here
&redirect_uri=https://api.deploystack.io/oauth/callback
&code_verifier=original_verifier_here
&client_id=abc123

Security: OAuth server verifies SHA256(code_verifier) == code_challenge before issuing tokens.

State Parameter

Purpose: CSRF protection during OAuth flow. Generation:

function generateState(): string {
  return crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('base64url');
}

Flow:

Backend generates random state before redirecting to OAuth provider
State stored in oauthPendingFlows table
OAuth provider includes state in callback URL
Backend verifies state matches stored value
If mismatch → Reject callback (potential CSRF attack)

Resource Parameter

Purpose: Token audience binding (RFC 8707) to prevent token misuse. Generation:

function generateResourceParameter(serverId: string, teamId: string): string {
  return `deploystack:mcp:${serverId}:${teamId}`;
}

Benefits:

Tokens bound to specific MCP server and team
Prevents token reuse across different installations
OAuth provider includes resource in issued token

Token Encryption

Algorithm: AES-256-GCM (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) Encryption:

function encrypt(text: string, logger?: FastifyBaseLogger): string {
  const key = getEncryptionKey(); // From DEPLOYSTACK_ENCRYPTION_SECRET
  const iv = crypto.randomBytes(16); // 128-bit IV
  const cipher = crypto.createCipheriv('aes-256-gcm', key, iv);

  // Set AAD for extra security
  const aad = Buffer.from('deploystack-global-settings', 'utf8');
  cipher.setAAD(aad);

  let encrypted = cipher.update(text, 'utf8', 'hex');
  encrypted += cipher.final('hex');

  const authTag = cipher.getAuthTag();

  // Format: iv:authTag:encryptedData
  return `${iv.toString('hex')}:${authTag.toString('hex')}:${encrypted}`;
}

Decryption:

function decrypt(encryptedData: string, logger?: FastifyBaseLogger): string {
  const [ivHex, authTagHex, encrypted] = encryptedData.split(':');

  const key = getEncryptionKey();
  const iv = Buffer.from(ivHex, 'hex');
  const authTag = Buffer.from(authTagHex, 'hex');

  const decipher = crypto.createDecipheriv('aes-256-gcm', key, iv);
  decipher.setAAD(Buffer.from('deploystack-global-settings', 'utf8'));
  decipher.setAuthTag(authTag);

  let decrypted = decipher.update(encrypted, 'hex', 'utf8');
  decrypted += decipher.final('utf8');

  return decrypted;
}

Key Derivation:

function getEncryptionKey(): Buffer {
  const secret = process.env.DEPLOYSTACK_ENCRYPTION_SECRET || 'fallback';
  const salt = 'deploystack-global-settings-salt';
  return crypto.scryptSync(secret, salt, 32); // 256-bit key
}

Security Features:

AES-256: Industry-standard symmetric encryption
GCM mode: Authenticated encryption prevents tampering
Random IV: Each encryption uses unique initialization vector
AAD: Additional authenticated data binds encryption context
Scrypt: Key derivation function resistant to brute-force attacks

Environment Variable:

DEPLOYSTACK_ENCRYPTION_SECRET="your-32-character-secret-key-here"

Production requirement: Must be at least 32 characters for security.

HTTPS Requirements

All OAuth endpoints require HTTPS:

Authorization endpoint
Token endpoint
Callback endpoint (redirect URI)

Why: OAuth flows transmit sensitive data (authorization codes, tokens) that must be protected from interception. Local development exception: http://localhost allowed for testing.

OAuth Discovery Process

Step-by-Step Discovery Flow

Try GET Request (Fast Path)

Send GET request to MCP server URL to detect OAuth requirement.

const getResponse = await fetch(mcpServerUrl, {
  method: 'GET',
  headers: {
    'Accept': 'application/json',
    'User-Agent': 'DeployStack/1.0'
  }
});

Check GET Response for OAuth

Look for 401 status and WWW-Authenticate header.

if (getResponse.status === 401) {
  const wwwAuth = getResponse.headers.get('www-authenticate');
  if (wwwAuth?.toLowerCase().includes('bearer')) {
    requiresOauth = true;
    // Extract optional discovery URL from header
    const match = wwwAuth.match(/oauth_authorization_server="([^"]+)"/);
    discoveryUrl = match ? match[1] : undefined;
  }
}

Try POST Request (Harmonic-style Servers)

If GET returns non-401, try POST with MCP protocol request.

if (!requiresOauth) {
  const postResponse = await fetch(mcpServerUrl, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    body: JSON.stringify({
      jsonrpc: '2.0',
      method: 'tools/list',
      id: 1
    })
  });

  if (postResponse.status === 401) {
    const wwwAuth = postResponse.headers.get('www-authenticate');
    if (wwwAuth?.toLowerCase().includes('bearer')) {
      requiresOauth = true;
      // Extract optional discovery URL from header
      const match = wwwAuth.match(/oauth_authorization_server="([^"]+)"/);
      discoveryUrl = match ? match[1] : undefined;
    }
  }
}

Why POST? Servers like Harmonic AI allow GET for public health checks but require OAuth on POST endpoints.

Try Discovery URL from Header (Priority 1)

If WWW-Authenticate header includes discovery URL, try it first.

if (discoveryUrl) {
  // Discovery URL example: "https://example.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server"
  const metadata = await fetch(discoveryUrl).then(r => r.json());
  if (metadata.authorization_endpoint && metadata.token_endpoint) {
    return metadata; // Success!
  }
}

Fetch Authorization Server Metadata (Priority 2 - RFC 8414)

If no discovery URL or it failed, try RFC 8414.

const issuerUrl = new URL(mcpServerUrl);
const issuer = `${issuerUrl.protocol}//${issuerUrl.host}`;
const rfc8414Url = `${issuer}/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server`;
const serverMetadata = await fetch(rfc8414Url).then(r => r.json());

Fallback to OpenID Connect Discovery (Priority 3)

If RFC 8414 fails, try OpenID Connect as final fallback.

const oidcUrl = `${issuer}/.well-known/openid-configuration`;
const serverMetadata = await fetch(oidcUrl).then(r => r.json());

Validate Metadata

Ensure required endpoints are present.

if (!serverMetadata.authorization_endpoint || !serverMetadata.token_endpoint) {
  throw new Error('Missing required OAuth endpoints');
}

Check PKCE Support

Verify server supports S256 code challenge method.

const pkceSupported = serverMetadata.code_challenge_methods_supported?.includes('S256');
if (!pkceSupported) {
  logger.warn('OAuth server may not support PKCE S256');
}

Match Pre-registered Provider (Optional)

Check if authorization server matches known provider.

const provider = await this.matchOAuthProvider(serverMetadata.issuer);
if (provider) {
  // Use pre-registered credentials
  return { requiresOauth: true, metadata: serverMetadata, provider };
}

Return Discovery Result

Complete discovery with metadata and optional provider.

return {
  requiresOauth: true,
  metadata: {
    authorization_endpoint: "https://auth.example.com/oauth/authorize",
    token_endpoint: "https://auth.example.com/oauth/token",
    registration_endpoint: "https://auth.example.com/oauth/register",
    scopes_supported: ["read", "write"],
    code_challenge_methods_supported: ["S256"]
  },
  provider: null // Or pre-registered provider object
};

Detection Methods by Server Type

Different MCP servers implement OAuth protection at different endpoint levels. DeployStack’s hybrid detection approach handles all configurations:

Standard Servers (Notion, Box, Linear)

Behavior: Return 401 on GET requests to base URL

GET https://mcp.notion.com/
→ 401 Unauthorized
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="notion-mcp"

Detection: Immediate OAuth detection via GET request (fast path)

Harmonic-style Servers (Harmonic AI)

Behavior: Allow GET for public health checks, require OAuth on POST endpoints

GET https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai/
→ 200 OK (public endpoint)

POST https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai/
Content-Type: application/json
{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "method": "tools/list", "id": 1 }
→ 401 Unauthorized
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer oauth_authorization_server="https://..."

Detection: GET returns 200, POST returns 401 - requires hybrid detection Why this pattern? Public health check endpoints let monitoring systems verify server status without authentication, while actual MCP protocol operations require OAuth.

Servers with Discovery URL

Behavior: Include oauth_authorization_server in WWW-Authenticate header

WWW-Authenticate: Bearer realm="mcp-server",
                  oauth_authorization_server="https://example.com/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server"

Detection: Discovery URL extracted from header and used as first priority for metadata discovery Benefit: Faster discovery - no need to guess or try multiple well-known endpoint patterns

Error Handling

Discovery failures:

GET and POST both return non-401: Server does not require OAuth
Discovery URL from header fails: Try RFC 8414 Authorization Server Metadata
Authorization server metadata not found: Try OpenID Connect discovery
All discovery methods fail: Return error to user - OAuth configuration cannot be determined
Network timeout: Retry with exponential backoff (3 attempts)
Invalid JSON: Log error and return OAuth not supported

Complete Fallback Chain:

Discovery URL from WWW-Authenticate header (if provided)
RFC 8414 Authorization Server Metadata
OpenID Connect Discovery
Give up and return error

Integration Points

Backend → Database

OAuth detection triggers:

Server Creation: POST /mcp/servers/global
- OAuth detection runs on initial creation
- requires_oauth stored in mcpServers table
Server Updates: PUT /mcp/servers/global/:id
- OAuth detection re-runs on every update
- requires_oauth updated to reflect current state
- Ensures accuracy even if server’s OAuth config changes

Why re-detect on updates?

Remote servers might enable/disable OAuth
URLs might change to different endpoints
Transport types might switch between stdio/http/sse
Security verification ensures flag accuracy

Frontend → Backend

Installation initiation:

// Frontend calls authorization endpoint
const response = await fetch('/api/teams/:teamId/mcp/installations/authorize', {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  body: JSON.stringify({
    server_id: 'notion_mcp_server',
    installation_name: 'My Notion Workspace',
    installation_type: 'global',
    team_config: {
      team_args: [],
      team_env: {},
      team_headers: {},
      team_url_query_params: {}
    }
  })
});

const { authorization_url, flow_id } = await response.json();

// Frontend opens popup window
const popup = window.open(authorization_url, 'oauth', 'width=600,height=700');

// Frontend listens for completion message
window.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
  if (event.data.type === 'oauth_success') {
    console.log('Installation ID:', event.data.installation_id);
    // Refresh installations list
  } else if (event.data.type === 'oauth_error') {
    console.error('OAuth error:', event.data.error);
  }
});

Backend → Satellite

Satellite retrieves OAuth tokens during configuration fetch: The satellite calls /api/satellites/config which includes OAuth tokens for installations:

// Backend response includes decrypted tokens
{
  "installations": [
    {
      "id": "installation_123",
      "server_id": "notion_mcp",
      "installation_name": "My Notion Workspace",
      "requires_oauth": true,
      "oauth_token": {
        "access_token": "decrypted-access-token-here", // Decrypted by backend
        "token_type": "Bearer",
        "expires_at": "2025-12-22T12:00:00Z",
        "scope": "read write"
      },
      "team_headers": {
        "X-Custom-Header": "value"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Important: Backend decrypts tokens before sending to satellite over HTTPS. Satellite never stores encrypted tokens. Satellite implementation: See OAuth Token Injection documentation.

Satellite → MCP Server

Token injection in HTTP/SSE requests: Satellite adds Authorization header when connecting to OAuth-enabled MCP servers:

// Satellite constructs headers for HTTP MCP server
const headers = {
  'Content-Type': 'application/json',
  'MCP-Protocol-Version': '1.0',
  ...config.team_headers, // Custom headers from team configuration
  'Authorization': `Bearer ${oauthToken.access_token}` // OAuth token
};

// Send request to MCP server
const response = await fetch(mcpServerUrl, {
  method: 'POST',
  headers,
  body: JSON.stringify({ method: 'tools/list' })
});

Header priority: OAuth Authorization header added last to prevent override by team headers.

Testing and Debugging

Manual Testing with Real MCP Servers

Notion MCP Server (Standard Detection):

Add Notion to catalog: https://mcp.notion.com/
Backend detects OAuth requirement via GET request (fast path)
Install as user → Opens Notion OAuth page
Authorize → Callback completes installation
Check mcpOauthTokens table for encrypted tokens
Verify satellite receives decrypted token in config

Harmonic AI MCP Server (Hybrid Detection):

Add Harmonic to catalog: https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai
Backend tries GET first (returns 200 - public endpoint)
Backend tries POST with MCP protocol request (returns 401 - OAuth required)
Extracts discovery URL from WWW-Authenticate header
Install as user → Opens Harmonic OAuth page
Authorize → Callback completes installation
Verify logs show “OAuth detected via POST”

Box MCP Server:

Add Box to catalog: https://mcp.box.com/
Follow same flow as Notion
Verify PKCE S256 is used (check logs)
Test token refresh by manually updating expires_at to past

Testing Dynamic Client Registration

MCP servers with DCR support:

Notion: ✅ Supports RFC 7591 registration endpoint
Box: ✅ Supports RFC 7591 registration endpoint
Linear: ✅ Supports RFC 7591 registration endpoint

Testing DCR flow:

Ensure no pre-registered provider matches
Check logs for “Registering dynamic OAuth client”
Verify oauth_client_id is dynamically generated
Check that client can refresh tokens using generated client ID

Testing Pre-registered Providers

Setup test provider:

INSERT INTO mcpOauthProviders (id, name, slug, auth_server_patterns, client_id, client_secret, authorization_endpoint, token_endpoint, default_scopes, token_endpoint_auth_method, enabled)
VALUES (
  'test_github_provider',
  'GitHub (Test)',
  'github-test',
  '["^https://github\\.com/login/oauth"]',
  'Ov23liYourClientId',
  'encrypted:your-encrypted-secret', -- Use encrypt() function
  'https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize',
  'https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token',
  '["repo", "read:user"]',
  'client_secret_post',
  true
);

Test flow:

Add GitHub MCP server requiring OAuth
Install → Should match provider by auth server pattern
Check logs for “Using pre-registered OAuth provider: GitHub (Test)”
Verify client_id from provider is used instead of DCR

Testing OAuth Detection on Updates

Test Case 1: Update URL to OAuth-enabled server

# Start with non-OAuth server
PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "remotes": [{ "url": "https://public-mcp.example.com" }]
}
# → requires_oauth: false

# Update to OAuth-enabled server
PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "remotes": [{ "url": "https://mcp.notion.com" }]
}
# → OAuth detection runs → requires_oauth: true

Test Case 2: Security re-check on metadata updates

# Update description only (URL unchanged)
PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "description": "New description"
}
# → OAuth detection still runs with existing URL
# → Verifies OAuth status hasn't changed

Test Case 3: Transport type change

# Change from stdio to HTTP
PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "transport_type": "http",
  "remotes": [{ "url": "https://mcp.example.com" }]
}
# → OAuth detection runs → requires_oauth updated

# Change from HTTP to stdio
PUT /api/mcp/servers/global/server_123
{
  "transport_type": "stdio"
}
# → requires_oauth: false (stdio doesn't use OAuth)

Common Issues

Issue: “OAuth not detected” for Harmonic-style servers

Cause: Server returns 200 on GET, only protects POST endpoints
Solution: Fixed in commit 2d3bf3d7 - Now tries POST with MCP protocol request if GET returns non-401
Verify: Check logs for “Server returned non-401 on GET, trying POST with MCP protocol request”

Issue: “OAuth provider not configured” error

Cause: MCP server doesn’t support DCR and no pre-registered provider matches
Fix: Add provider to mcpOauthProviders table with matching auth server pattern

Issue: Discovery URL in header not being used

Cause: WWW-Authenticate header parsing failed
Debug: Check logs for “OAuth discovery URL found in WWW-Authenticate header”
Format: Header must contain oauth_authorization_server="https://..."

Issue: Tokens not refreshing automatically

Cause: Cron job not running or refresh token missing
Fix: Check refreshExpiringOAuthTokens cron job logs, verify refresh_token field is not NULL

Issue: “Flow expired” error during callback

Cause: User took more than 10 minutes to authorize
Fix: Increase expiry in authorize.ts or inform user to complete authorization faster

Issue: Installation stuck in “connecting” status after OAuth

Cause: Satellite hasn’t polled configuration yet
Fix: Check satellite logs, verify satellite commands created, wait for next config poll

Issue: Token decryption error

Cause: DEPLOYSTACK_ENCRYPTION_SECRET changed between encryption and decryption
Fix: Ensure encryption secret is consistent across deployments

Log Analysis

Successful OAuth flow with GET detection (Standard servers):

DEBUG: Making test request to check OAuth requirement (url: https://mcp.notion.com/, method: GET)
INFO: OAuth detected via GET (url: https://mcp.notion.com/, method: GET)
INFO: OAuth required, starting discovery (url: https://mcp.notion.com/)
INFO: Initiating OAuth authorization flow (serverId: notion_mcp, teamId: team_abc)
INFO: Registering dynamic OAuth client (registrationEndpoint: https://mcp.notion.com/oauth/register)
INFO: Dynamic client registration successful (clientId: dyn_12345, hasClientSecret: false)
INFO: OAuth authorization initiated successfully (flowId: flow_xyz, authUrl: https://notion.com/oauth/...)
INFO: OAuth callback received (flowId: flow_xyz, code: auth_code_123)
INFO: Token exchange successful (tokenType: Bearer, expiresIn: 3600, hasRefreshToken: true)
INFO: OAuth flow completed successfully - installation created (installationId: inst_abc)

Successful OAuth flow with POST detection (Harmonic-style servers):

DEBUG: Making test request to check OAuth requirement (url: https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai, method: GET)
DEBUG: Server returned non-401 status (url: https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai, method: GET, status: 200)
DEBUG: Server returned non-401 on GET, trying POST with MCP protocol request (url: https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai, method: POST)
INFO: OAuth requirement detected (401 + WWW-Authenticate: Bearer) (url: https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai, method: POST, discoveryUrl: https://auth.harmonic.ai/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server)
INFO: OAuth detected via POST (url: https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai, method: POST)
INFO: OAuth discovery URL found in WWW-Authenticate header (url: https://mcp.api.harmonic.ai, discoveryUrl: https://auth.harmonic.ai/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server)
DEBUG: Trying discovery URL from WWW-Authenticate header (issuer: https://auth.harmonic.ai, discoveryUrl: https://auth.harmonic.ai/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server)
INFO: Successfully discovered OAuth metadata via WWW-Authenticate header (issuer: https://auth.harmonic.ai, discoveryUrl: https://auth.harmonic.ai/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server)
...

Failed token refresh:

ERROR: Token refresh failed (status: 400, error: invalid_grant)
WARN: OAuth refresh failed, installation status set to requires_reauth (installation_id: inst_abc)

OAuth Token Injection - How satellites inject tokens into MCP servers
OAuth2 Server - MCP client API authentication (different OAuth system)
OAuth Providers - Social login (GitHub, Google)
MCP OAuth User Guide - User-facing documentation

Basics

Advanced

API

Database

Auth

Satellite

​Overview

​When MCP Servers Require OAuth

​User Flow

​Architecture Overview

​Database Tables

​Implementation Components

​OAuthDiscoveryService

​When OAuth Detection Runs

​OAuth Detection

​OAuth Metadata Discovery

​Metadata Structure

​Pre-registered Provider Matching

​OAuth Detection on Server Updates

​Update Detection Logic

​Update Scenarios

​Error Handling

​Authorization Endpoint

​Request Body

​Authorization Flow Steps

​Callback Endpoint

​Callback Flow Steps

​OAuthTokenService

​Token Exchange with PKCE

​Token Refresh

​Update Refreshed Tokens

​OAuthClientRegistrationService

​Dynamic Client Registration

​Database Schema

​mcpOauthProviders Table

​oauthPendingFlows Table

​mcpOauthTokens Table

​Token Lifecycle

​Token Issuance

​Automatic Token Refresh

​Token Expiration Handling

​Token Revocation

​Security Implementation

​PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange)

​State Parameter

​Resource Parameter

​Token Encryption

​HTTPS Requirements

​OAuth Discovery Process

​Step-by-Step Discovery Flow

​Detection Methods by Server Type

​Standard Servers (Notion, Box, Linear)

​Harmonic-style Servers (Harmonic AI)

​Servers with Discovery URL

​Error Handling

​Integration Points

​Backend → Database

​Frontend → Backend

​Backend → Satellite

​Satellite → MCP Server

​Testing and Debugging

​Manual Testing with Real MCP Servers

​Testing Dynamic Client Registration

​Testing Pre-registered Providers

​Testing OAuth Detection on Updates

​Common Issues

​Log Analysis

​Related Documentation

Overview

When MCP Servers Require OAuth

User Flow

Architecture Overview

Database Tables

Implementation Components

OAuthDiscoveryService

When OAuth Detection Runs

OAuth Detection

OAuth Metadata Discovery

Metadata Structure

Pre-registered Provider Matching

OAuth Detection on Server Updates

Update Detection Logic

Update Scenarios

Error Handling

Authorization Endpoint

Request Body

Authorization Flow Steps

Callback Endpoint

Callback Flow Steps

OAuthTokenService

Token Exchange with PKCE

Token Refresh

Update Refreshed Tokens

OAuthClientRegistrationService

Dynamic Client Registration

Database Schema

mcpOauthProviders Table

oauthPendingFlows Table

mcpOauthTokens Table

Token Lifecycle

Token Issuance

Automatic Token Refresh

Token Expiration Handling

Token Revocation

Security Implementation

PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange)

State Parameter

Resource Parameter

Token Encryption

HTTPS Requirements

OAuth Discovery Process

Step-by-Step Discovery Flow

Detection Methods by Server Type

Standard Servers (Notion, Box, Linear)

Harmonic-style Servers (Harmonic AI)

Servers with Discovery URL

Error Handling

Integration Points

Backend → Database

Frontend → Backend

Backend → Satellite

Satellite → MCP Server

Testing and Debugging

Manual Testing with Real MCP Servers

Testing Dynamic Client Registration

Testing Pre-registered Providers

Testing OAuth Detection on Updates

Common Issues

Log Analysis

Related Documentation