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DeployStack Satellite implements OAuth 2.1 Resource Server-based team and user isolation to provide secure multi-tenant access to per-user MCP server instances. This system ensures complete separation of team resources AND per-user instances while maintaining a unified MCP client interface. For OAuth authentication details, see OAuth Authentication Implementation. For tool discovery mechanics, see Tool Discovery Implementation. For per-user instance lifecycle, see Instance Lifecycle Management.

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Technical Architecture

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Team and User Context Resolution

Isolation operates through OAuth token introspection that extracts both team AND user context from validated Bearer tokens: 
MCP Client Request → OAuth Token → Token Introspection → Team + User Context → Resource Filtering
     │                   │              │                        │                    │
  Bearer Token      Satellite API    Backend Validation   Team ID + User ID    User's Instances
  (user-scoped)     Key Required     5-minute Cache           Extraction         Database Query
Core Components:
  • TokenIntrospectionService: Validates tokens via Backend introspection endpoint
  • TeamAwareMcpHandler: Filters MCP resources based on team AND user permissions
  • DynamicConfigManager: Provides per-user instance mappings from Backend polling
  • RemoteToolDiscoveryManager: Caches tools with per-user server association metadata

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Per-User Instance Mapping Architecture

Isolation relies on database-backed per-user instance mappings: 
Team "acme" + User "alice" → Instance "context7-acme-alice-R36no6FGoMFEZO9nWJJLT"
Team "acme" + User "bob"   → Instance "context7-acme-bob-R36no6FGoMFEZO9nWJJLT"
Team "beta" + User "charlie" → Instance "context7-beta-charlie-S47mp8GHpNGFZP0oWKKMU"
Database Integration:
  • mcpServerInstances Table: Links users to their specific MCP server instances (per user)
  • mcpServerInstallations Table: Links teams to MCP server installations (team-level)
  • Dynamic Configuration: Backend polling delivers per-user instance mappings
  • Instance Naming: Format {server_slug}-{team_slug}-{user_slug}-{installation_id}
  • Complete Isolation: Users only access their OWN instances, not teammates’ instances
Per-User Instances: Each team member has their own independent instance for each MCP server. This enables user-specific configuration (Template + Team + User merged config) and independent status tracking per user.

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Tool Discovery Integration

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Friendly Tool Naming

Tool discovery uses server_slug for user-friendly tool names while maintaining internal per-user instance routing: User-Facing Names:
  • context7-resolve-library-id
  • context7-get-library-docs
Internal Per-User Instance Resolution:
  • Team “acme” + User “alice”: Routes to context7-acme-alice-R36no6FGoMFEZO9nWJJLT
  • Team “acme” + User “bob”: Routes to context7-acme-bob-R36no6FGoMFEZO9nWJJLT
  • Team “beta” + User “charlie”: Routes to context7-beta-charlie-S47mp8GHpNGFZP0oWKKMU
Implementation Details:
  • RemoteToolDiscoveryManager: Creates friendly names using config.server_slug
  • CachedTool Interface: Stores both namespacedName and serverName for routing
  • TeamAwareMcpHandler: Resolves team AND user context to actual per-user instances

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Tool Filtering Process

Per-user tool filtering operates at the MCP protocol level: 
tools/list Request → OAuth User Context → Filter by User's Instances → Return Filtered Tools
     │                      │                       │                         │
  Bearer Token     Team + User ID Extraction   Database Lookup         User-Specific List
  Validation          from Token Cache         User's Instances        JSON-RPC Response
Filtering Logic:
  1. Token Validation: Extract team ID AND user ID from OAuth token introspection
  2. Instance Resolution: Query user’s allowed MCP server instances (only THEIR instances)
  3. Tool Filtering: Include only tools from user’s OWN instances that are online
  4. Response Generation: Return filtered tool list to MCP client
User-Specific Filtering: Each user sees only tools from their OWN instances. Other team members’ instance status does NOT affect your tool availability. If your instance is awaiting_user_config, you see NO tools from that server until you complete configuration.

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OAuth Integration Points

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Authentication Middleware Integration

Team isolation integrates with existing OAuth authentication middleware: File References:
  • services/satellite/src/middleware/auth-middleware.ts - Bearer token validation
  • services/satellite/src/services/token-introspection-service.ts - Token validation with caching
  • services/satellite/src/services/team-aware-mcp-handler.ts - Team-filtered MCP operations
Authentication Flow:
  1. Bearer Token Extraction: From Authorization header
  2. Token Introspection: Backend validation with 5-minute caching
  3. Team Context Storage: In request.auth.team object
  4. MCP Request Processing: Team-aware filtering applied

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Token Introspection Response

Backend token introspection provides team AND user context: 
Introspection Response:
{
  "active": true,
  "sub": "user_uuid",
  "user_id": "user_uuid",
  "team_id": "team_uuid",
  "team_name": "acme",
  "team_role": "admin",
  "scope": "mcp:read mcp:tools:execute"
}
Context Fields:
  • sub: User identifier (OAuth standard field)
  • user_id: Database UUID for user identification
  • team_id: Database UUID for team identification
  • team_name: Human-readable team identifier (slug)
  • team_role: User’s role within the team
  • scope: OAuth scopes for permission validation
User Context Required: The user_id field is critical for per-user instance resolution. It enables the satellite to route tool calls to the correct user’s process, ensuring complete isolation between team members.

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Server Instance Resolution

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Dynamic Server Mapping

Team-server mappings are delivered via Backend polling system: Configuration Source:
  • Backend Database: mcpServerInstallations table
  • Polling Mechanism: Existing satellite configuration sync
  • Update Frequency: Based on Backend polling intervals
  • Cache Storage: In-memory via DynamicConfigManager

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Server Resolution Algorithm

Tool execution resolves team AND user context to specific per-user instances: 
Tool Call "context7-resolve-library-id" + Team "acme" + User "alice"
    ↓
Find Instance: server_slug="context7" AND team_id="acme_uuid" AND user_id="alice_uuid"
    ↓
Resolve to: "context7-acme-alice-R36no6FGoMFEZO9nWJJLT"
    ↓
Route Request: HTTP proxy OR stdio process to user's specific instance
Resolution Process:
  1. Parse Tool Name: Extract server_slug from namespaced tool name
  2. Team + User Context: Get team ID AND user ID from OAuth token validation
  3. Instance Lookup: Find user’s instance: server_slug + team_id + user_id
  4. Route Execution: Execute tool on user’s specific instance (not teammates’ instances)

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Security Implementation

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Complete Team Isolation

Team isolation provides enterprise-grade security: Access Control:
  • Token-Based: All requests require valid OAuth Bearer tokens
  • Team Scoping: Tokens are issued for specific team contexts
  • Server Isolation: Teams cannot access other teams’ MCP server instances
  • Tool Filtering: Only team’s tools visible in discovery
Security Boundaries:
  • Network Level: HTTP proxy routes to team-specific server instances
  • Application Level: TeamAwareMcpHandler enforces team permissions
  • Data Level: Complete separation of team resources and configurations

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Audit and Logging

Team isolation includes comprehensive audit logging: Log Categories:
  • Authentication Events: Token validation and team context extraction
  • Access Control: Team permission checks and access denials
  • Tool Execution: Team-scoped tool calls with server resolution
  • Configuration Changes: Team-server mapping updates
Log Format: 
operation: "team_tool_access_granted"
team_id: "team_uuid"
server_name: "context7-john-R36no6FGoMFEZO9nWJJLT"
namespaced_tool_name: "context7-resolve-library-id"

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Development Integration

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Service Initialization

Team isolation services initialize after satellite registration: Initialization Order:
  1. Satellite Registration: Obtain API key from Backend
  2. OAuth Services: Initialize TokenIntrospectionService
  3. Team Handler: Create TeamAwareMcpHandler instance
  4. Route Integration: Apply authentication middleware to MCP endpoints
File References:
  • services/satellite/src/server.ts - Service initialization
  • services/satellite/src/routes/mcp.ts - MCP endpoint authentication
  • services/satellite/src/routes/sse.ts - SSE endpoint authentication

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Error Handling

Team isolation implements comprehensive error handling: Authentication Errors:
  • Invalid Token: 401 with OAuth 2.1 compliant error response
  • Insufficient Scope: 403 with required scope information
  • Team Access Denied: 403 with available server list
Resolution Errors:
  • Server Not Found: Tool execution fails with descriptive error
  • Team Mapping Missing: Configuration error with Backend sync status
  • Tool Not Available: Clear error with available tool list

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Performance Characteristics

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Token Validation Caching

Token introspection includes 5-minute caching for performance: Cache Implementation:
  • Memory Storage: Hashed token keys for security
  • TTL Management: 5-minute expiration with automatic cleanup
  • Cache Hit Rate: Reduces Backend introspection calls
  • Security: No actual token values stored in cache

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Team Filtering Performance

Tool filtering operates with minimal overhead: Performance Metrics:
  • Tool Filtering: O(n) where n = total cached tools
  • Server Resolution: O(1) hash map lookup
  • Memory Usage: Shared tool cache across all teams
  • Network Overhead: Single Backend introspection per token

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Scalability Considerations

Team isolation scales efficiently for multi-tenant deployment: Scaling Factors:
  • Team Limit: No hard limit, memory-bound by server instances
  • Tool Cache: Shared across teams for memory efficiency
  • Token Cache: Bounded by active user sessions
  • Backend Integration: Leverages existing polling infrastructure

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Integration with Existing Systems

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Backend Communication

Team isolation integrates with existing Backend systems: API Integration:
  • Token Introspection: Uses existing OAuth 2.1 introspection endpoint
  • Configuration Polling: Leverages existing satellite polling system
  • Database Schema: Extends existing mcpServerInstallations table
  • Authentication: Uses satellite API key for Backend communication

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MCP Client Compatibility

Team isolation maintains full MCP client compatibility: Client Requirements:
  • OAuth Support: MCP clients must support OAuth 2.1 authentication
  • Bearer Tokens: Standard Authorization header implementation
  • No Team Awareness: Clients remain unaware of team concepts
  • Standard MCP: Full compliance with MCP protocol specification
Implementation Status: Team isolation is fully implemented and operational. The system provides complete team separation while maintaining MCP client compatibility and leveraging existing OAuth 2.1 authentication infrastructure.